Автор: dos.dos. Honey-bee-Related Worms
From the twenty four honey bee-relevant worms have been understood regarding Western honey-bee (Apis mellifera) . Many of them basically persevere throughout the bee’s human anatomy, without creating a sickness or sign of people health-related signs. Overall, trojan infestations just weren’t considered a significant disease so you can honey bee wellness. In addition, certain worms are more virulent and you will infective, meaning that may cause a significant lack of honey bee colonies and additionally a fall in the honey bees’ health and manufacturing . Certain viruses inform you pathogenicity simply less than particular positive environmental standards.
Varroa mites V. destructor are thought are part of the transmitter of many honey bee worms: misshapen wing virus (DWV); serious bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and you will Israeli severe paralysis trojan (IAPV) [39,54]. In addition, three viruses regarding the alert of which Varroa generally seems to play zero tall role, namely, chronic bee paralysis trojan (CBPV), sacbrood trojan (SBV), and you can black colored queen cellphone malware (BQCV) are also frequently interviewed [55,56]. This fact lets to help you united states genuinely believe that Varroa mites alone is maybe not this new (only) factor in honey-bee loss. The brand new bad influence from V. destructor results from their character because a viral tank and a ZaЕЎto bijeli muЕЎkarci toliko vole Portugalski Еѕene beneficial transmitter of a few honey-bee-associated worms ; brand new mite produces duplication out of honey bee viruses such as DWV . Due to the eating behavior, brand new Varroa mite injects really viruses on hemolymph, which has been from the dental or intimate indication of those viruses .
dos.3. Microsporidia
Microsporidia is actually fungal, obligate intracellular parasites, infectious in order to honey bees. Microsporidia are even the littlest unmarried-mobile bacteria that have a genuine nucleus. Up to now, only a couple of types of microsporidia, particularly, Nosema ceranae and you may Nosema apis, was basically stated so you’re able to parasitize with the mature honey bees . During the 2017, a new species of Nosema, titled Nosema neumanni, into the honey bees regarding Uganda is actually said . It has been established you to Letter. apis was particular towards Western honey-bee, Apis mellifera L., whilst the Asiatic bee, Apis cerana, ports N. ceranae . For quite some time, it actually was believed that Letter. ceranae and N. apis were variety-certain. Since the beginning on the millennium (mostly blog post 2003), of numerous analysis have indicated that N. ceranae has actually transformed machines and contains end up being the prominent species in the of many countries [61,62,63,64,65]. Hence, it’s been recommended you to definitely Letter. ceranae is possibly far more virulent than simply N. apis.
It’s been well documented one to microsporidia entertain the fresh midgut epithelial muscle regarding personnel bees, queens and you can drones . Nosema has negative effects into the bee colony. Brand new bad effect of nosemosis from the colony top try linked toward output and you can success out-of honey-bee territories, and adult bee durability, queen bees, brood rearing, bee biochemistry, pollen range or any other bee behavior .
Weighed against Letter. apis, and that rarely contributes to brand new death of an infected colony, once the the emergence just like the a book pathogen of the West honey bee Good. mellifera, Letter. ceranae might have been fundamentally of this heavily diseased honey bee territories . Given Letter. ceranae since the a prospective factor in CCD, we could possibly overview one to almost any offered state organism should persevere over the years (we.elizabeth., there must be a rise in larval/mature occurrence regarding infection) before ultimately causing colony death, and usually, N. ceranae serves concurrently together with other pathogens. Instance, Letter. ceranae has been considered chronic for more than a keen 18-few days months throughout the colony before leading to nest fatigue . Thus, the possibility that Letter. ceranae, by yourself or in integration along with other facts, factors CCD is still kept unlock.
