Автор: The rate at which organisms process energy and materials determines how fast they grow and reproduce, how long they live, and how rapidly they move through space. Thus it is not surprising that a number of key ecological traits depend on body mass and temperature. For example, John Damuth hypothesized that the maximumimal population abundance (or carrying capacity, large K) that a species can achieve is determined by how much energy is available (Efull) and how much energy is used by each personal (Eindividual), so that Etotal is proportional to KEindividual. Because Eindividual is proportional to body mass raised to an exponent b (Mb where b ? 3/4), then Etotal is proportional to KM 3/4 , and K is proportional to EtotalM -3/4 .
This relationship, called the energy equivalence rule, tells you two things: 1. mice can reach higher abundances than elephants and 2. if the populations of elephants and mice are at their carrying capacity, these populations will use the same amount of energy (KEindividual is proportional M -3/4 + 3/4 = M 0 ). The relationship works well when a large number of species, including a very broad range of body sizes from all over the globe, are plotted together, probably because a sufficiently large number of species close to their carrying capacity are represented.
Because, on confirmed web site, only a few varieties would be at the holding capacity, the brand new variety in order to muscles bulk matchmaking get loads of spread out, and its exponent may not be -3/4
Another important ecological trait that is influenced by body size and temperature is rmax, the intrinsic rate of population increase (i.e., the rate at which populations can grow in the absence of food or space limitations). We have known for a very long time that populations of small animals can grow faster than those of large ones. More precisely, ecologists found that rmax is proportional to M -b . In 1974, Tom Fenchel conjectured that the value of rmax would be set by the organism’s mass-specific metabolic rate (i.e., the ratio of metabolic rate to body mass), and hence that b should be about -0.25. In 2004, Vance Savage and his collaborators hypothesized that rmax would depend on both body mass and temperature. Both conjectures proved to be roughly correct (Figure 5). Both the maximal rates at which populations can grow and their potential carrying capacity are influenced by body size and temperature. Ecologists have documented similar effects for processes as disparate in scale as molecules evolving, and the flow of energy and materials through ecosystems. Temperature and size affect how organisms work because organisms cannot break the limits imposed on them by physics and chemistry. The physical and chemical principles that rule the transfer of energy and materials within and among organisms generate order in the riotous, https://hookupdaddy.net/asian-hookup-apps/ and sometimes seemingly overwhelming, complexity of ecological systems.
Sources and Required Learning
Frazier, Yards., Huey, Roentgen. B. et al. Thermodynamics constrains this new advancement off bug populace gains rates: «hotter is the most suitable». Western Naturalist 168, 512–520 (2006).
Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H. ainsi que al. Negative effects of size and you may temperature with the metabolism. Science 293, 2248–2251 (2001).
In the Data dos and you will step 3, activities out of ten across the axes try spaced because of the same distance: one hundred kg is really as from 10 kilogram since the 10 kg are from 1 kg. And that, we discover that lots of top features of pets and you may flowers that attract ecologists differ as power characteristics off system bulk. The research of these relationships is known as allometry and the equations you to definitely connect an organism’s element that have looks mass have been called allometric equations (in the Greek root allo for example «other» and you may meter which means «measure»). Whenever organisms follow the main out of mathematical resemblance described above, then i refer to the partnership ranging from a trait and the entire body bulk since the isometric. Eg, the connection ranging from surface and the entire body bulk is actually isometric.
