Автор: Inside Their state, in which it actually was released regarding the 1950s, E. unguiculus try extensively marketed toward Brazilian peppertree, however the insect frequently isn’t well enough plentiful to seriously wreck brand new bush (Yoshioka and you will , individual observance). The brand new ineffectiveness off Age. unguiculus given that a physical manage agent on the Hawaiian islands get end up being owed in part in order to biotic mortality items unique to that ecosystem. Eg, a few wasps which were brought into the Their state to have classical physiological control of one’s sugar cane leafroller Hedylepta (=Omiodes) accepta (Butler) had been discover attacking E. unguiculus soon after it was create up against Brazilian peppertree (Krauss 1963).
This new men and women away from A good
Even when high enough biological control of Brazilian peppertree by Age. unguiculus was not achieved from the Hawaiian archipelago, it failure shouldn’t prevent the introduction of the fresh new bug into the Fl. Episimus unguiculus would-be a greater physical handle agent out-of Brazilian peppertree from inside the Florida because would be put towards the an excellent the brand new ecosystem where biotic death from lead and local parasitoids and you will predators are less major versus Hawaii. Servers range analysis are accomplished, and you may a production petition was published to the latest Tag when you look at the (Cuda et al. 2019). Although not, Mark didn’t suggest occupation release from inside the Florida because of the danger of noticeable race which have local Episimus spp., plus the prospect of the insect so you can assault grown pistachio about unlikely experiences you to definitely Elizabeth. unguiculus emigrated to southern California and you will Arizona. The risk to nontarget insects and you will vegetation away from E. unguiculus could be occupation checked-out by using the F1 Sterile Insect Technique (Cuda 2016). Production of F1 sterile progeny is obtained by the presenting the fresh adult generation to help you lowest doses away from gamma light (Moeri mais aussi al. 2009). This should helps findings on the survival and effect of your F1 larvae on nontarget flowers lower than real profession standards without chance of long lasting institution, as adults made out of the brand new F1 larvae are completely sterile.
Surveys conducted has just from inside the northern Argentina (McKay ainsi que al. 2009), and you may southeastern Paraguay shown the current presence of multiple brand new absolute opposition off Brazilian peppertree. Of the was basically a couple of species of base bland weevils owned by the fresh genus Apocnemidophorus Hustache. The newest weevils end up like bird droppings and you can quickly drop-off the fresh new plants if they are interrupted. Grownups regarding Apocnemidophorus pipitzi (Faust) was in fact built-up in the southeastern Paraguay and you may brought in to the a fl containment lab within the . Based on Wibmer and you can O’Brien (1986), Good. pipitzi is actually native to Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. An examination of weevil specimens transferred on the entomology art gallery out of new Federal University regarding Parana within the Curitiba, Brazil, revealed that selections out-of A great. pipitzi were made in the states regarding Parana, Santa Catarina, and you will Minas Gerais. pipitzi into the Paraguay are a separate country list because of it species.
This new thickness off A great
The new grownups range in proportions out of cuatro to help you eight mm inside the duration and therefore are grayish brownish in the colour, which have real time specimens commonly looking alot more creamy than grayish (Profile 5). A heavy plot of white scales is in fact visible toward edges of one’s pronotum in fact it is quicker obvious towards bottom part of your own abdomen. The rest of the looks enjoys but a few scattered section with white scales. Around are also several spots of black scales across the elytra, being obviously apparent not as much as magnification, giving the elytra (forewings) a somewhat mottled looks.
pipitzi is conveniently distinguishable. Considering C. W. O’Brien (personm.), you can find noticeable variations in new rostrum (snout) and you can antennal insertion from inside the males and females away from Good. pipitzi. The newest women has an equally curved relatively evenly cylindrical rostrum which have zero difference between diameter or curvature within antennal insertion. However, this new men features an effective dorsal expansion at the antennal installation, additionally the rostrum was narrowed outside of the insertion, highly angled ventrally, and you will dorsally flattened. This is exactly clear even yet in very small specimens. Most other types of brand new genus, particular comparable in features, do not have for example visible male differences in the newest rostrum.
