Автор: The goal of this work is to analyze the outcome of reproduce and many years on the egg manufacturing additionally the egg exterior and you may internal quality for the four Italian twin-purpose breeds , in the beginning and lots of days later than just very first weeks laying passion one to happened, correspondingly, at the end of june/start of fall as well as in winter season, around adjustable environment criteria.
2.step 1. Animals and Rearing Criteria
Four Italian chicken types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was felt towards data. The body pounds from adult females is step 1.twenty-five kilogram for the PP, 2.29 kilogram in the Er and you can step three.05 kg within the RM and RL. Its resource is the Veneto part (Italy): PP is actually an old regional reproduce; its supply was old back once again to the fresh XIX century, however, zero exact data to your the genetic supply occur. One other types are built into the Veneto in 1950s: the newest Emergency room reproduce arises from Sussex (shaded eggshell reproduce) and Rhode Island (brown eggshell reproduce) breeds, whereas toward RM and you can RL types, Brownish Orpington and you may White America, several brown eggshell types were used . Plus the mature body weight, these types of types disagree in their plumage along with: it is fantastic in PP, Er reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage is actually predominantly light that have black extremities a number of countries of one’s muscles, black feathers out-of primaries and you can end and you may RL reveals good tawny plumage with black colored feathers regarding primaries and you will tail. The breeds (Figure S1) reveal single comb and you will lay tinted eggshell egg (Shape S2).
2. Product and methods
Birds away from per breed hatched at the same time (second half out-of age ranch of the Heart for Poultry Biodiversity Conservation about Veneto part (they consistently provides for new rearing of those types too when it comes to eggs development for incubation and you can brooding), during the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching with the pubertal age and from the installing period, which come on the end regarding summer for the start of trip (Figure 1), depending on the reproduce. Feeding, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you can prophylaxis steps was indeed the same to the five breeds, since from hatching toward end of your own examined months, that was into the , at the 53 months of age. The fresh newly hatched chicks were leftover indoors in the first cuatro months out of lifetime, on an ecological temperatures decreasing away from thirty-two so you’re able to 24 °C, significantly less than infra-reddish radiation lighting fixtures, with the litter. Within step one.5 months of age, the fresh new birds received 100 % free the means to access outside areas, off spring so you’re able to autumn and winter months. Each reproduce (sixty hens) had 100 % free accessibility backyard (5 meters 2 /bird) space (equipped with linear drinkers), where in fact the hens lived for hours on end, and indoor (cuatro hens/m 2 ) colombianska mГ¤n datingsida space (wood shavings and you may straw litter, that have perches and round feeders), mainly utilized to possess laying egg (cumulative nests) at night; the bedroom (indoor and you will backyard) offered to for every reproduce try split of the netting.
At the outset of installing (around 22 months of age toward reproduce having earlier start of laying), in September–Oct, according to the breed, the fresh new photoperiod try absolute and you may decreasing, with respect to the 12 months together with geographical updates of demonstration channel in Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and also for the second several months (out-of 38 weeks old, out of December to 53 weeks old), artificial light was gradually improved (from inside the indoor room, incandescent bulb, in the 60 lux) to track down a great photoperiod of 14L:10D. The new photoperiod was controlled of the a timer, and it also was accomplished by turning on this new white an hour or so ahead of sunrise and you may turning off it an hour immediately following sunset. The external ecological heat is ten ± 3.cuatro °C and you will 11 ± step three.0 °C, respectively, to your very first (from the beginning regarding Oct with the stop out of November) together with 2nd (right away from January for the end away from February) putting periods, in the event that research towards the produce abilities and eggs top quality was in fact compiled. This new animals got advertisement libitum commercial nourishes based on its physiological stage (around three varied commercial nourishes for the growing several months). Into earliest installing phase (26–33 days of age, below decreasing natural photoperiod), in the event the types started laying, this new birds got a commercial pelleted provide (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.8 MJ/kilogram, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = 9.1%, Me = 13.seven MJ/kg), from the a proportion of 1:step 1. It’s well worth remembering you to, at that ages, precisely the twin-objective and you will shaded eggshell types exhibited a varying start of laying and you may egg manufacturing price, whereas the new hens from the almost every other breeds of the brand new Maintenance Heart to possess Biodiversity and you will hatched at the same time of the read breeds, including the white eggshell breeds, don’t start putting (Padovana breed) otherwise it displayed a highly light laying interest (Polverara breed), never ever achieving the endurance out-of ten% hen–big date eggs development. The explanation for the option of the new Maintenance Center, not to use a feed for laying hens during the this period, try because of perhaps not forcing the brand new pullets so you can egg creation during a period with coming down temperature and you will photoperiod. The fresh new wild birds grew external, around favorable requirements having skeletal wellness, walking around soil and lower than solar power rays. In the back yard for each and every reproduce, the clear presence of turf available to the new birds are higher through the the new broadening months than just on onset of putting, and therefore happened adopting the summer months, when the rain are scarce and did not accommodate an effective grass regrowth. Regarding 38 in order to 53 days old, and you may lower than increasing photoperiod, this new hens was in fact fed a professional pelleted feed having installing (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.5 MJ/kg, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All nourishes comprised mainly regarding maize and you will soybean.
